These States’ Anti-DEI Legislation May Impact Higher Education

A growing number of states are introducing legislation that would restrict or ban diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives at public colleges.

Since 2022, there have been more than 30 bills and a handful of executive orders across the country targeting DEI funding, practices, and promotion at schools. At least 12 of these bills and orders have been signed into law as of January 2025: two in Florida, one in each of the Dakotas, one in Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Alabama, Idaho, West Virginia, and North Carolina, and one in Iowa, which experts say is now the most extreme law in the country restricting DEI on college campuses. Only a few other bills have reached the final stages of approval, including one in Kansas that was allowed to become law without the governor’s signature. The majority of bills are still moving through their state legislatures.

Below is a full list of states where DEI bills have been introduced, approved, or signed into law, or have failed to be adopted.

On Feb. 20, 2024, Republican Sen. Will Barfoot introduced Senate Bill 129. The bill will prohibit the state’s public colleges and universities from promoting, sponsoring, or maintaining DEI offices and programs. It will additionally prohibit public institutions from affirming certain “divisive concepts” relating to race, sex, or religion.

The original version of the bill passed in the Senate just two days after being introduced; then an amended version passed in the House on March 7. The Senate approved changes to the bill on March 19 and was signed by Gov. Kay Ivey on March 20.

The law went into effect on Oct. 1, 2024.

This isn’t the first time Alabama legislators have pushed to eliminate DEI practices in higher education. In 2023, Republican state Rep. Ed Oliver introduced a similar bill in the House, but after two readings and four months on the docket, it was indefinitely postponed.

Under Senate Bill 1694, public colleges in Arizona would be prohibited from requiring an employee to engage with DEI programming, spending public funds on DEI programming or goods and services for a DEI program, or establishing and employing a DEI office.

On April 4, 2023, the bill was passed in the Arizona House Rules Committee — its last step before it ultimately died in the House.

Arkansas’ Senate Bill 71 would “end state-sponsored discrimination” by prohibiting state and local government agencies, including public universities, from using affirmative action programs.

Additionally, race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin could no longer be considered in state employment, public education, and procurement. Violations would result in a Class A misdemeanor.

Though the bill was approved in the Senate and sent to the House on March 9, 2023, it failed to pass in the House on April 5 and was returned to the Senate floor.

On May 1, the bill died in the Senate.

Under House Bill 999 and its companion Senate Bill 266, public institutions in Florida are prohibited from funding the promotion, support, or maintenance of DEI programs and from offering any general education course that “teaches identity politics, or is based on theories that systemic racism, sexism, oppression, and privilege are inherent in the institutions of the United States.”

Though an amended version of SB 266 was presented in April 2023 removing all language referencing DEI due to concerns about the bill’s potential impact on accreditation, SB 266 had its third reading on May 3 where language referencing DEI was reintroduced. It passed in the state Senate that same day and on May 15, 2023, Gov. Ron DeSantis signed the bill into law.

DeSantis additionally signed one other bill targeting DEI initiatives at colleges in Florida on May 15, 2023. Under House Bill 931 and its companion Senate Bill 958, the state’s public institutions are prohibited from giving preferential consideration for employment, admission, or promotion to individuals who show support for “any ideology or movement that promotes the differential treatment of a person or a group of persons based on race or ethnicity, including an initiative or a formulation of diversity, equity, and inclusion.”

Under Senate Bill 261, introduced on Feb. 27, 2023, public institutions in Georgia would have been prohibited from using “political litmus tests” in admissions and promotions within institutions.

After being read and referred, the bill died in the committee.

Idaho’s Senate Bill 1274 bans diversity statements in hiring and admissions decisions. This includes any written or oral statement that discusses an applicant or candidate’s “race, sex, color, ethnicity, or sexual orientation” or their views on, experience with, or contributions to DEI.

SB 1274 was introduced on Feb. 2, 2024, and signed into law by Gov. Brad Little on March 21.

A separate bill was introduced in February 2024 aiming to prohibit DEI positions, training, and loyalty tests at public institutions. A day after its introduction, SB 1357 was referred to the House Committee of State Affairs.

Though there was resolution to SB 1357 before the end of the 2024 legislative session, the Idaho State Board of Education unanimously approved a ban of DEI student success centers, offices, policies, and initiatives at public institutions on December 18, 2024.

On January 14, Gov. Mike Braun signed an executive order banning all state agencies from using state funds and resources to support DEI “positions, departments, activities, procedures or programs.” The order additionally prohibits requiring DEI statements for employment or mandating any person to disclose preferred pronouns.

Previously, Indiana Republicans introduced House Bill 1338, which sought to prohibit public institutions from requiring enrolled students to engage “in any form of mandatory gender or sexual diversity training or counseling.” The bill would have additionally prohibited schools from requiring students to attend any student orientation, other training, or presentation “that presents information regarding race or sex stereotyping or bias on the basis of race or sex.” However, the bill died shortly after its introduction.

In 2023, Iowa’s House File 616, the successor to House Study Bill 218, was introduced and placed on the calendar for a first reading. Had it passed, the bill would have prohibited colleges and universities governed by the Iowa State Board of Regents from funding diversity, equity, and inclusion offices and officers. However, the bill failed to pass before the end of the legislative session.

In 2024, a budget bill (Senate File 2435) was introduced that included a provision banning DEI offices at state colleges and universities and limiting the types of positions and viewpoints an institution can promote. Viewpoints and concepts that schools cannot promote include allyship, antiracism, microaggressions, systemic oppression, gender theory, transgender ideology, and more.

SF 2435 was enrolled by the end of the month and officially signed into law by Gov. Kim Reynolds on May 9, 2024.

In March 2023, Kansas legislators introduced two bills targeting DEI initiatives at schools in the state. Under House Bill 2460 the state’s postsecondary education institutions would have been prohibited from providing admission or aid to students based on their support (or opposition) to a political ideology. The bill died in the Senate Committee.

A similar bill from 2023 — House Bill 2105 — was allowed to become law without the governor’s signature on April 19, 2024. Any public institution in the state that continues to consider DEI practices for faculty hiring or student enrollment will be fined $10,000 per violation.

The second bill, SB 155, is a budget bill that would ban schools from enacting DEI practices in hiring decisions and spending state funds on requiring students, employees, or contractors to endorse DEI ideology.

On April 6, 2023, SB 155 passed in the House and the Senate. However, Gov. Laura Kelly vetoed the parts of the budget bill related to higher education on April 20, 2023, and it was returned to the House floor where it died.

In January 2024, Kentucky legislators introduced two bills aimed at eliminating DEI practices in higher education. Senate Bill 6, introduced on Jan. 2 by Republican State Sen. Majority Whip Mike Wilson, would have banned the promotion of “divisive concepts” from student and employee training had it passed. These concepts include the belief that “the Commonwealth of Kentucky or the United States of America is fundamentally or irredeemably racist or sexist,” and the belief that “an individual, by virtue of the individual’s race or sex, bears responsibility for actions committed in the past by other members of the same race or sex.”

House Bill 9, introduced Jan. 19, 2024, would have prohibited race-based and sex-based scholarships, DEI offices, and DEI training as a program requirement at the state’s public colleges. Had the bill passed, Kentucky institutions would have had until June 30 to comply.

On Friday, March 15, 2024, a heavily amended version of SB 6 passed in the House and was sent back to the Senate for approval. But by March 28, the bill died in the Senate, reportedly due to a lack of votes within the Republican caucus.

Senate Bill 128 was introduced on April 10, 2023, by Republican State Sen. Jay Morris. The bill would have prohibited colleges and universities from providing any “preferential treatment” in the form of scholarships, grants, or financial aid to students based on their “race, sex, or national origin.” The bill failed a vote out of committee prior to the end of the legislative session on June 8, 2023.

On January 20, Republican Sen. Angela Burks Hill introduced Senate Bill 2223, aiming to prohibit the state’s public land-grant institutions from using appropriated funds to “establish, sustain, support, or staff” a DEI office. Should the bill pass, it will additionally prohibit Mississippi schools from requiring diversity statements for employment and giving preferential treatment to students based on their “sex, color, ethnicity, gender identity, or sexual orientation.” For fiscal year 2025, funds intended for DEI offices or officers would be reallocated to some merit scholarships and tuition costs.

As of January 22, the bill has been referred to the Senate Universities and Colleges Committee where it will have its first reading.

Missouri’s Senate Bill 410, if passed, would have prohibited higher education institutions from requiring current students, applicants, instructors, or any other employees to answer questions about their ideologies surrounding diversity, equity, or inclusion. If a school was found to be in violation, it would have risked losing funding, grants, and contracts.

The bill, however, died in chamber three months after its first reading in the Senate.

House Bill 75, introduced Jan. 4, 2023, by Republican Rep. Ann Kelley, would have prohibited public schools and institutions of higher education from requiring students to “engage in any mandatory gender or sexual diversity training or counseling.” The bill died in the House Elementary And Secondary Education Committee just one month after its introduction.

Senate Bill 680 and House Bill 1196 both aimed to eliminate diversity statements in hiring faculty at public colleges and universities. SB 680 and HB 1196 both died in committees and chambers.

Introduced by State Representatives Trebas, Mitchell, and Bogner, Senate Bill 222 would have prohibited the “unlawful discriminatory practice” of diversity training as a condition of employment. It additionally aimed to prohibit universities from compelling potential hires to believe a list of concepts, such as members of one class being superior to another class.

After passing multiple readings in the Senate, the bill failed to pass its first reading in the House and ultimately died in the Standing Committee.

Sen. John Johnson, a Republican from North Ogden, introduced Senate Bill 283 in February 2024, which aimed to prohibit diversity, equity, and inclusion offices and officers at public universities in Nebraska.

After its first reading, the bill was changed into a study that requires the Education Interim Committee to conduct research on the benefits of diversity, equity, and inclusion programs in higher education.

On April 13, 2023, North Carolina Republicans introduced House Bill 607, which would have prohibited institutions in the University of North Carolina system and public community colleges from asking prospective students and employees about their political or social beliefs. The bill passed in the House and passed the first reading in the Senate on May 2, 2023, but made no further moves before the end of the legislative session.

A month prior, North Carolina Republicans also introduced Senate Bill 364 to ban diversity statements at the state’s public institutions. The bill initially passed and was set to be enrolled, but Gov. Roy Cooper vetoed it on June 16, 2023. The North Carolina General Assembly overrode the governor’s veto just a few days later, and the bill was enrolled on June 27, 2023.

Under the law, public colleges and universities cannot compel applicants to “endorse or opine about beliefs, affiliations, ideals, or principles regarding matters of contemporary political debate or social action as a condition of employment.”

Under Senate Bill 2247, signed into law on April 24, 2023, students, professors, and other employees of higher education institutions in North Dakota cannot be asked about their ideological or political viewpoints. Additionally, public institutions cannot conduct mandatory training that includes “specified concepts,” like the belief that “an individual, by virtue of the individual’s race or sex, is inherently privileged, racist, sexist, or oppressive, whether consciously or subconsciously.”

Under Ohio Senate Bill 83, private institutions would only receive funding from the chancellor of higher education if they comply with a list of commitments, including intellectual diversity, freedom of speech, and syllabus compliance.

Colleges in the state would be prohibited from requiring DEI courses or training for students, faculty, and staff. They also would not be permitted to use “political or ideological litmus tests” in hiring or promoting faculty members.

SB 83 now heads to the Ohio House, where hearings are underway on a companion piece of legislation. But as support grows among Republican politicians, opposition to the legislation continues to grow in Ohio’s institutions of higher education. Currently, the bill is recessed or on pause.

On June 15, 2023, Rep. Edwards introduced several elements of SB 83 into Ohio’s two-year state budget plan.

Ohio State’s Board of Trustees issued a rare public statement on May 16, 2023, saying SB 83 raised “important questions about 21st-century education,” but noted that the legislation as it’s currently written could “undermine the shared governance model of universities, risk weakened academic rigor, or impose extensive and expensive new reporting mandates.”

On Jan. 19, 2023, Republican state legislators introduced two bills that would prohibit public colleges in Oklahoma from funding DEI offices and using “political tests” and diversity statements in the hiring process.

Both SB 870 and SB 1008 had their second readings in February 2023 and died in the Senate Education Committee that same month.

Two nearly identical bills were introduced on Jan. 9, 2023, in Oregon. House Bill 2430, sponsored by Republican Rep. Wright, and House Bill 2475, sponsored by Republican Rep. Wallan, both prohibit public educational institutions in Oregon from requiring or compelling students to believe “any race, ethnicity, color, sex, gender, religion or national origin is inherently superior or inferior to another.”

By the end of June 2023, both bills failed to pass their first reading in the House.

South Carolina’s House Bill 4289 and House Bill 4290 would ban public institutions from establishing mandatory diversity training and diversity statements and from using diversity statements for consideration in hiring and admissions practices.

Both bills were introduced on April 6, 2023, and were referred to the Committee on Education and Public Works on the same day.

South Dakota’s House Bill 1012 was signed into law by Gov. Kristi Noem in March 2022. The bill targets “divisive concepts,” but does not restrict professors from teaching these subjects. Instead, it prohibits mandatory training or orientation about these concepts.

Under the two bills that are currently going through the legislative process in Tennessee, public colleges in the state would be prohibited from requiring DEI training and education to issue certain medical and health-related degrees and from using state funds to endorse or promote “divisive concepts.”

These “divisive” concepts were banned from teaching lessons under state law in 2022 and include beliefs that “Tennessee or the United States is fundamentally or irredeemably racist or sexist” and that “an individual should feel discomfort, guilt, anguish, or another form of psychological distress solely because of the individual’s race or sex.”

Under House Bill 1376, students and employees can report professors who teach “divisive concepts” to their institutions. It passed on May 3, 2023. Senate Bill 102, passed on May 17, 2023, prohibits institutions of higher education from firing faculty members or employees for refusing to participate in implicit bias training.

In Texas, just one of the many bills introduced to eliminate DEI practices has been signed into law: SB 17/ HB 5127. After the bill made its way through the Senate and the House throughout April and May of 2023, on June 14, 2023, Gov. Greg Abbott signed the bill.

Under the bill, DEI offices, diversity training for students and employees, and “ideological oaths and statements” at public institutions in Texas were banned as of Jan. 1, 2024. Academic research and coursework can not be restricted by this bill. Public institutions in Texas will be required to submit a report certifying their compliance with the law no later than Dec. 1 each year.

The six other bills introduced in the state each attempted to broadly limit campus DEI initiatives, from banning funding for diversity offices and diversity training as a condition of enrollment to eliminating diversity statements from the hiring process.

House Bill 3164 explicitly stated that the elimination of diversity offices and officers at public universities could not be used to constrict academic coursework, student organization activities, guest speakers, or physical and mental health services. The bill died in the House Higher Education Committee in March 2023.

Senate Bill 16, which passed in the Senate on April 12, 2023, would have banned critical race theory teaching at the university level. However, after its first reading in the House on April 24, the bill was referred to the Higher Education Committee where it ultimately died.

Though HB 1, the State Budget bill, was passed in both the House and the Senate, the bill was returned to the House after the Senate made additional amendments to it. A conference committee created a compromise bill that would ban DEI practices and programs that do not comply with sections of the state constitution. The Senate approved the new report on May 26, 2023, and the House approved it the following day. The final version sat on Greg Abbott’s desk for approval but, ultimately, was never signed into law.

Under House Bill 451 and Senate Bill 283, public institutions in Utah would have been prohibited from funding or promoting DEI offices and requiring DEI statements from students, faculty, and staff for hiring or admissions practices.

Both bills were introduced in February 2023 by Republican legislators, Rep. Katy Hall and Sen. John Johnson, respectively. While SB 283 was pulled before the end of the legislative session, HB 451 failed to pass by the session’s end.

On Jan. 16, 2024, House Bill 261 was introduced by Republican Rep. Katy Hall. Under the bill, public colleges in Utah will be prohibited from engaging in “discriminatory practices” including the assertion “that socio-political structures are inherently a series of power relationships and struggles among racial groups,” and “that an individual, by virtue of the individual’s personal identity characteristics, bears responsibility for actions committed in the past by other individuals with the same personal identity characteristics.”

Just three days after its introduction, HB 261 passed in the House and had its first reading in the Senate.

On Jan. 31, 2024, Gov. Spencer J. Cox signed HB 261 into law effective July 1, 2024, eliminating any training requirement that “promotes differential treatment,” prohibiting taking race into account in hiring practices, and prohibiting higher education, state board, and government employees from establishing or maintaining DEI offices.

The bill requires higher education institutions to conduct campus climate surveys through a third party and send them to the Office of Legislative Research and General Counsel.

On January 14, Gov. Patrick Morrisey issued an executive order banning DEI initiatives at the state’s public institutions. Under the order, West Virginia’s public colleges are prohibited from using state funds to “grant or support DEI staff positions, procedures or programs.” Institutions are additionally prohibited from mandating DEI statements or disclosure of preferred pronouns from faculty and staff for employment.

Previously, West Virginia introduced House Bill 3503, which failed to pass before the end of the state’s legislative session in 2023. It would have eliminated any mandatory diversity training, including discussion, workshops, and guest speakers on cultural appropriation, transphobia, homophobia, social justice, and inclusive language.